My Leadership Style Of Leadership - 1377 Words

When this class started I had really never given much thought to my leadership style. What I have discovered is that I have the ability to be a good leader. As I completed the questionnaires and first review the results, I was somewhat surprised by what my strengths and weaknesses were and how I would be as a leader. Being at the end of this course, I can visualize myself as a leader now that I know I have good leader qualities. Upon analyzing the answers of the three people I interviewed, two reoccurring themes that kept coming up were: 1) Once I set a goal, I keep with it until the job is done completed; 2) I am a good at bringing people together for a common good cause. In analyzing the questionnaires, I definitely need to learn to deal more professionally in a conflict situation with someone I do not like. My leadership style is democratic. According to Den Hartog and Koopman (2011) the democratic style of leadership if the most effective. This type of leadership allows subordina tes to feel motivated and engaged in decision-making processes. Although I have never been the leader of an organization, I agree that the democratic style is my style of leadership. The leadership style demonstrated by the leader can have a negative or positive effect on the organization, depending on the leaders attitude. Subordinates often perceive the democratic leader in a positive light (Pavlovic, Oljaca, Kostovic). In the 1960’s American Psychologist Douglas McGregor wrote a book aboutShow MoreRelatedMy Leadership Style3690 Words   |  15 Pagespositive attitude. ( http://www.writingservicescompany.com/free-term-papers/leadership-term-paper.html). Leadership is about inspiring, influencing and motivating people to achieve change (Class notes).A leader is a person who guides others toward a common goal, by example and showing that you are a good listener, focused, organized, decisive, and a confident person (http://www.essayforum.com/scholarship-essays-22/leadership-f ootball-college-family-14721/). Introduction:- This case study is aboutRead MoreMy Personal Leadership Style Of Leadership1758 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership is the ability to guide others in a way that all learn and grow in a responsible manner. It is the ability to place another before self in order to empower them. Leadership is the ability to see an issue, assess it, and work alongside others in order to move forward. It is the ability to take an educated risk or guess and guide others in the same direction. My personal leadership style is to be a delegate. Democratic leaders allow group members to make decisions. The leader cannot be anRead MoreMy Leadership Style Of The Workplace1541 Words   |  7 PagesMy Leadership Style in the Workplace What is leadership? There are endless variations of the definition of the term, however, the one that I agree most with as defined by Ledlow and Coppola. Leadership is the ability to assess, develop, maintain, and change the organizational culture to meet the needs and the expectations of the external environment. There are many great leaders today that anyone can name off in an instant. We all try to be leaders in some part of our lives whether it be at homeRead MoreMy Personality, Leadership Style951 Words   |  4 Pages In this reflection paper I will be reflecting on my personality, leadership style, how everything in my life has defined who I am and also the types of management or leadership that has influenced me. For the first part of this paper I was able to take a personality test. This test is known as a Keirsey Temperament Sorter. I was intrigued to see what this test would say about me. The questions were interesting. On occasion they were hard to answer. You have to really look into yourself andRead MoreMy Leadership Style Aligns Closely With Servant Leadership940 Words   |  4 PagesMy leadership style aligns closely to servant leadership. I lead with others in mind. I value everyone’s contributions and regularly seek out opinions. Cultivating a culture of trust is incredibly important to me. A culture of trust creates a harmonious environment where each person can be appreciated for their contribution and can feel a sense of personal accomplishment. I do not mind people making mistakes but I prefer them to learn from their mistakes. I seek to unite all parties in a controversyRead MorePersonal Leadership Style Of My Career Essay896 Words   |  4 Pages1. Throughout m y career, I have had the opportunity to work for several leaders who in one way or another influenced and molded my personal leadership style. Although not all of them are revered as positive influences, each one of them provided me with the building blocks to develop myself as a leader and find my place within the organization. 2. Remembering a Boatswains Mate Master Chief at my first unit. He taught me to be fair but firm. I can practically hear him right now saying â€Å"Don’t takeRead MoreLearning And Recognizing My Leadership Style1117 Words   |  5 PagesRecognizing My Leadership Style Nurses play vital roles in health care organizations. How they are managed by their leaders can drastically affect their performance and influence patient outcomes. It is very important to understand the different leadership styles that are often found in the workplace, as well as their effects on the staff and those under their care. I will be discussing three very common leadership styles practiced and identified by most leaders today. Leadership is a processRead MoreThe Leadership Styles That Ball My Attention823 Words   |  4 Pagesthus far, the two resonant leadership styles that caught my attention were from the book Primal Leadership: realizing the power of emotional intelligence. The first is the visionary leadership style, which is strongly reminiscent of the charismatic style discussed in my leadership article review. This style of leader focuses on future possibilities and considered to be exceptionally positive and transformative in nature. The second leadership style is the democratic style which embodies collaborationRead MoreMy Strengths And Weaknesses Of My Leadership Style1029 Words   |  5 Pagesweaknesses in my leadership style. I plan on improving my weaknesses and sharing my strengths with others. I have noticed a trend in all of the modules that I do not stop and try to process information. I try to innovate and insist on solutions for a quick fix. This can make me unapproachable for my subordinates because I am ready to implement a solution as soon as I hear of a problem. My peers can also feel as if I am being pushy when I hear of a problem and try to implement a solution. My supervisorsRead MoreSummary of My Leadership Style Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of my leadership style Reflective practice is the best way for educators to search for ever-improved ways to facilitate student learning. Reflective practice also incorporates the belief that much resistance to change is rooted in the unexamined assumptions that shape habit. To create change, then, we must examine current practice carefully and develop a conscious awareness of these basic assumptions (Karen, 1991, Oesterman Kottkamp, 1993; Schà ¶n).Thus you must use reflective practices

Cultural Values Of Cultures, Navajo, Laguna, And Euro...

This essay will explore the cultural values of three different cultures; Navajo, Laguna, and Euro-American culture. Two of the cultures that I will be exploring are the Native communities that I have been well exposed to since I was a child. The values that I will be discussing are gender, education, and money. Growing up on a reservation in New Mexico, I have a closer insight on the similarities and differences of those values. The first value I will be analyzing is gender. Gender is a topic that varies in every culture. The idea is gender has changed and evolved from the settlement of Europeans in the beginning of this nation. Many of the values that were adopted by the Europeans were inspired by the Native Americans. They were changed†¦show more content†¦With that said, the man, hastiin, is the second gender. Although important, they aren t on the same ‘ level’ of the woman. They hold the same values of the common man in Western culture, being the protector and â€Å"breadwinner.† The third gender is called the nadleeh, or hermaphrodite in English. They are individuals that demonstrate characteristics of the opposite gender. There are the female-bodied nadleeh and the male-bodied nadleeh. This is a Navajo, and common Native tradition, that has been adopted to fit the gender diversity in communities and society. The masculine female gender is different from the primary female. Meaning they don t subject themselves to the primary female roles, they occupy the roles that are usually associated with men. This also applies to the feminine male gender. The feminine male gender performs work that is usually performed by the females. This concept was also developed to identify with gender diversity. Modern day concepts of gay and lesbian have been adapted into Native culture. But those who with identify those concepts would not be connected with with cultural concepts of the nadleeh gender. There are complicated concepts of relationships when you analyze the gender values of Native communities and the values that the Euro-Americans have now. Navajos have five separate gender categories that arise from the five genders explained above. Those categories are traditional, transitional, contemporary, acculturated, and

In the eight fold path of yoga meditation is the e Essay Example For Students

In the eight fold path of yoga meditation is the e Essay ighth step (Smith, 11). Once herea Yogi must become more aware and more sensitive to what is within themselves(Meditation). A Yogi must first lose themselves here to find peace with themselves(Smith, 11). The armor that a person has built around themselves throughout their livesmust be lost and they have to see themselves clearly (Smith, 19). Meditation begins with concentration (Meditation). In concentration meditation aYogi must focus all their energy onto one thing. Such as an object (a candle flame), asensation (something felt while walking), or an emotion (love) (Chakras andMeditation). At first it might be hard to keep mind focused on one object. A personmust train themselves to concentrate. Narrow the mind on to one category of objects. Then focus onto one of the objects. When the mind begins to wonder, go to anotherobject in the category. When it becomes easy to focus on one object for a long time then aYogi is ready to move on to concentrate on one single object (Lidell, 94). Chakra meditation falls under concentration meditation. There are seven majorchakras along the spin. They start at the base of the spine and go up to the top of the head. The seven major chakras are connected by three major nadies. Sushumna, the middlenadi, has neutral characteristics. Nearest your left hand is the ida nadi. It has yincharacteristics. The third nearest your right hand is pingala nadi. It has yang qualities(Chakras and Meditation). Through these nadis the chakras are connected and energypasses from one to another. Each chakra is said to be an energy transformer (Chakras and Meditation). When a chakra is activated or meditated on, it releases a unique type of energy. Thisenergy is measurable and immeasurable. The measurable energy is electromagnetic energyand light photons. The immeasurable energy is called prana. Prana is the vital, essentialenergy of the universe (Smith, 231-233). The chakras are the centers in the body werethis energy is activated and stored (Smith, 231-233). For the chakras to be activated properly it depends on the sitting position. Duringmeditation a Yogi should sit Indian style, with their legs crossed. One heel should be infront of the pelvis bone and the other in front of the first heel. The knees spread as farapart as possible and rested on the floor. This sitting position will provide a stable base. The neck and spine will be straight. Breathing will also be easier because the chest cavity isopen. This will also help with concentrating and will promote clearer thinking (Smith,224-225). Chakra meditation is very simple and easy to do. A yogi simply concentrates oneach chakra starting with the root chakra traveling up the shushumna and activating thenext higher chakra (Chakra and Meditation). It may take weeks or months to move fromone chakra to the next. It is a very long process. The seven main chakras are muladhara, swadishthana, manipura, anahata,vishuddha, ajnal and sahasrara. The chakras are located along the ethereal counterpart ofthe spinal cord and cannot be seen through normal vision (Smith, 231-233). To bring thebody to a state of rest a Yogi must focus their attention to the processes of breathing, theheartbeat, and the flow of electromagnetic energy. Then the prana will begin to move upthe Sushumna awakening the higher chakras. This awakening must start with the first chakra muladhara. This is the root or basechakra. It is located at the base of the spine (Chakras and Meditation). Each chakra isthought of as a lotus flower that has a color and a number of petals. This chakra is ayellow lotus with four petals. The main element of this chakra is the earth and survival(Lidell, 71). This chakra deals with the survival of ones self. The Yogi should think ofphysical survival mainly, food, shelter, and the need for self preservation. An Incident You Will Never Forget EssayVishuddha is the fifth chakra. This chakra is located at the base of the throat(Chakras and Meditation). This lotus is sea blue and has sixteen petals. Its element isether (Lidell, 71). This chakra is where the creative mind dwells. This is the level that poets, artists, and philosophers are at when they create. Here aperson will not strive to get the praise of others. They are driven by a force deep insideand it doesnt matter to them if their work is ever noticed (Smith, 236-237). At this level aperson is not vulnerable to the powerplay of another persons ego as at the fourth level(Smith, 236-237). Here a person acts spontaneously, creatively and with vision. Ajna the sixth chakra is the frontal chakra. This chakra is known as the third eye. It is between and slightly above the eyebrows (Chakras and meditation). This lotus iswhite with two petals. This is the seat of the mind (Lidell, 71). Ajna is the center of pure intelligence. This is were a Yogi understands all of thelower levels of reality at once. Here is were the full picture of reality is seen. This is donewith the third eye. This eye is thought of as an organ of perception. It gives off a beam oflight . This beam cannot be seen or measured except by another with the third eye. Thiseye gives the person the power to see qualities behind appearances. Also here the separations and boundaries that have been constructed by man areseen as illusionary (Smith, 237). A cosmic stream of intelligence and understanding arebrought into notice and it is realized that everyone is in an ocean moving together (Smith,237). To find out what this ocean is the next level must be activated. Sahasrara is the seventh and final chakra. It is the crown chakra and is located onthe top of the head (Chakras and Meditation). This is the thousand petal lotus. Thislotus has no color of its own. This chakra corresponds to absoluteness. This is were aYogi attains samadhi or superconciousness (Lidell, 71). The goal of a Yogi duringmeditation is to gain this superconciousness. Sahasrara is the center of pure spirit. The question Who am I? is answeredthrough the crown chakra as: I am a wave of infinite bliss (Smith, 237-238). To a Yogino further explanation is desired or needed. Added by this chakra is the feeling of eternal peace. This is the end of the soulsquest but the beginning of a new mission. This is when a Yogi will start to help othersouls seeking the light of truth. To do this they have to go below the seventh chakra, butno lower than the fourth chakra. The duty in sewing others is to communicate with themat their highest level of understanding, not your own. We must speak the language that isunderstood by others (Smith, 237-238). Meditation in the higher stages allows a person to view life from an advantagepoint. In these higher stages life is viewed as unified and perfect. To most people lifeappears disorganized and imperfect. Throughout the day everybody passes in and out ofdifferent chakra levels. Most people have a chakra center that they reside in most oftenduring the day. Most people spend their lives in the first, second and third chakra levels. Some however are lucky enough to pass on even further and their lives benefit greatly fromit (Smith, 232-233). Bibliography1.Chakras and Meditation. http://www.wicca.com/celtic/chakra.htm. March 21,1998. 2.Lidell, Lucy, et.al. The Sivananda Companion to Yoga. New York: Simon Schruster, Inc., 1983. 3.Meditation. http://www.salemctr.com/newage/center6.html. March 21, 1998. 4.Smith, Bob, et.al. Yoga For a New Age. Seattle, Washington: Smith Productions,1986.

Assasination Of Jfk Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Assasination Of Jfk Essay, Research Paper The Military-Industrial Complex Theory and the function it played in the Assassination of President Kennedy s blackwash proven by Oliver Stone in his film JFK To transgress by silence when we should protest makes cowards of work forces. Ella Wheeler Wilcox This quotation mark begins Oliver Stone s 1991 heroic poem, JFK. This is by no error. Stone is puting the tone for the remainder of his film. President Kennedy s 1963 blackwash still remains today as one of the worst atrociousnesss modern America has witnessed. Questions are raised today, about forty old ages subsequently, was the President a victim of some well schemed secret plan, a confederacy, or was he gunned down by a individual lone gunslinger, as the Warren Commission wants us to believe. This is an highly confusing issue with 100s of different points of position with pros and cons of all. Stone doesn T attempt and turn out nor disapprove a individual confederacy theory he merely tries to open the American public s head to the possibility of a confederacy or even further a coupe de Ta. We will write a custom essay sample on Assasination Of Jfk Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He wants us to believe that possibly all were in on the killing together. Not merely is this a confusing theory to follow, but with the continual flashbacks, fabricated black and white newsreels and powerful quotation marks it merely adds to our ocular roller coaster. Critics against the movie claimed that Stone assorted fact and speculation so seamlessly that it is hard to happen the difference. This manner could be seen as a knock on the movie, but in any propaganda movie there must be falsities and hyperboles to acquire the point across. It merely adds to the movies strength and pressing feeling throughout. Rock presents a theory that seems to sum up all of the confederacies into 1. He calls it the Military Industrial composite theory. The subject takes form from the first ocular image of the movie. We hear President Eisenhower s voice through the beginning credits so a flash to his farewell from office address. This address was when Eisenhower told of the public s compulsion with the weaponries race and rapid growing. President Eisenhower warned the populace of the consequences of such rapid industrialisation military power and harmonizing to Stone was proven correct a few old ages subsequently with the blackwash of President Kennedy. We so see many newsreels of military work forces and the Bay of Pigs catastrophe. Stone tries to etch in your head this history and confusion of the clip period when President Kennedy was assassinated. He shows the problems and inquiries the military and Government are traveling through. The first scene of the film sets the tone for Stone s subject of inq uiry authorization, but likely the most of import scene of the movie is Garrison s meeting with Mr. X. In the heat of the probe Garrison is summoned to Washington D.C. by person who claims to hold extended cognition of the blackwash. There is no record that Mr. X of all time existed so a meeting with him would be impossible, but the scene is important in the support of a confederacy. The scene begins with speedy flashes to many of import American landmarks located in D.C. , the White house, Washington memorial so on. We so see Garrison emerge from The Lincoln commemoration as a adult male summoned by the great work forces of history and democracy to happen the truth for the American people. This seems to be a really dry topographic point to run into since Lincoln himself was besides killed by an bravo while in office. Mr. X so begins to develop his cryptic individuality and proves that he has done close work when he continually looks around nervously and offers a fa lse assumed name. Rock so has Mr. X Tell of his military history. How he was in two wars while in military intelligence making covert, black operations. This builds up his credibleness amongst the viewing audiences. If anyone should cognize of secret authorities operations this adult male should. Stone continually has the camera flash to the Washington Monument and other landmarks. Stone uses near ups to stress points that Mr. X is doing while he switches back to broad lens positions when he wants to demo the relevancy of D.C. and the engagement of the authorities. While Mr. X begins to explicate the entwining confederacy we see black and white newsreels of what he is speaking approximately. He talks of the armed forcess dislike of Kennedy s foreign policy and so the movie flashes to newsreels of the Bay of Pigs invasion and American intercession in Vietnam in the 1950 s. We besides see flashbacks of events many with Mr. X present. This adds to his credibleness and to the possible tr uth of his narratives. Every point made by Mr. X is backed with a ocular flashback to assist us understand and follow the narrative. Mr. X tells of his resettlement to the South Pole and seeing the newspaper the twenty-four hours of the Assassination. The newspaper already had Oswald s background. Precisely like CIA, Black Ops. Style propaganda. More incidents are brought to Garrison s attending by Mr. X that seem to back up the military industrial complex theory. When Mr. X says, All of us in the CIA knew that the Warren Commission was bogus. This shows that no 1 with cognition and Government clearance bought the individual taw theory the Government tried to instate. We so see more flashbacks of political meetings which give us the thought of LBJ s engagement and the high degrees of authorities. More flashes of historical landmarks are shown so comes a stopping point of the Supreme Court and an even more close up of the lettering, Study the Past This is a elusive intimation to seek the truth from history and how history will neer be wholly clear. Kings are killed, political relations is power. This scene is by far the most of import of the movie. For the first clip the spectator is able to visually follow the theory. This is a prefiguration to the concluding tribunal scene of the film where Garrison explains his theory to the jury and the populace. The movie ends in a New Orleans courtroom with the first test of a suspected plotter. This scene is calibrated much like the scene with Mr. X as in both scenes as the Military-Industrial theory is explained we see flashbacks from the film to assist us visualise. The theory is shot down by people who don t believe that that many people could maintain such a secret of this magnitude. Garrison attacks this when he says, The bigger the prevarication, the more people will believe it. We see all the suspects faces flashed while in the courtroom. AS Garrison ends his summing up he appears as he is about shouting. His passion and belief is highly obvious through this action. This movie is three and a half hours of pure strength. The movie begins and ends with the mention to the Military-Industrial Complex. Are common people better off non cognizing these things that could finally ache them. This was the footing of Eisenhower s address and the beginning of the Cold War. Stone relate this to Kennedy s blackwash in his continual support of the theory through the movie, but in how he applies it to the authorities s position of the people being better off merely accepting the lone gunslinger theory. Garrison risks his life to seek and happen the truth. In the words of District Attorney Garrison, Let justness be done though thy Eden s autumn.

Truth vs Happiness in Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example

Truth vs Happiness in Fahrenheit 451 Essay Submitted on Wednesday, March 27th Submitted By: William Would you rather be happy in your life and live in ignorance or would you rather live your life with more of a purpose? Even if that purpose means doing things that most people would frown upon. This is one of the conflicts the characters face in the book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Fahrenheit 451 is a book about a fireman named Guy Montag. In his society fireman start fires rather than put them out. Most fires started by the firemen are fires in which they burn books.Most books are not allowed and the firemen have to be called to burn them. In this book Montag appears to be a by the book firemen early on but as the book continues you learn he has his doubts about his work and if he is really happy at all with the current life he is living. In Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury believes that it is better to know the truth about your life and live with purpose than to live your life happy in ignorance. In the book Bradbury proves this in a few ways. One way it did this is when Guy Montag first met Clarrisse and started questioning what was wrong with the society that they lived in at the time.When Montag started to do the same it eventually gave him a new purpose in life and started giving him the ability to have real relationships and actually become happy with his life instead of just being happy in ignorance like most of the other people in the city he lived in. It also opened his eyes to a different world of knowledge and showed him that his old life was a lie. Those are a few examples from the book showing that Ray Bradbury believed it is more important to live your life with purpose than to be happy in ignorance.One way Ray Bradbury showed that knowing the truth about your life is more important than being happy in ignorance is showed by the way Montag’s life completely changed after he discovered the truth about his life. After he realized he was living in ignorance it gave him a new purpose in his life. The event in the book that I believe started this realization is when he was asked Are you happy (15). This is a question Montag is asked by Clarrisse. This simple question really shook Montag up and made him really think about what was going on in his life and made him find out he is actually not appy. After knowing this Montag starts to actually stand up for what he believes in which gives him a new purpose in life. He starts to talk to an old English professor named Faber about almost trying to start a revolution of sorts. Plant the books, turn in an alarm and see the firemen’s houses burn (85). That’s the good part of dying; when you have nothing to lose, you run any risk you want (85). Those are two quotes of Montag talking to Faber. Those quotes are significant because they symbolized Montag becoming a completely changed person.They show that he is serious about standing up for what he believes in now and that he has found a new purpose in his life. It is the beginning of Montag’s new life and is an example of him no longer living his life in ignorance. That is one way that Ray Bradbury shows that it is more important to know the truth then be happy living in ignorance. Another way Ray Bradbury demonstrated that the truth is more important than being happy living a lie is how his social relationships changed after starting to think about the truth more. It was almost like he was a different person.Instead of continuing to have some pointless conversations like some people had in the book. You really start finding out about all the pointless conversations in the book on page 31 when Clarrisse says People don’t talk about anything She later says They name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming pools mostly and say how swell! But they say the same thing and nobody says anything different from anyone else. (31) After Guy had been talking to Clarrisse for a while you begin to realize that she has really changed the way he communicates with people and he begins to start having real conversations with people.An example of this is when on page 29 when Clarrisse asks him a question about children to which he replies It was a good question. It has been awhile since anyone cared enough to ask a good question. Montag’s answer shows that it is something he had never really put a lot of thought into until actually being asked the question by Clarrisse. That is another way that Ray Bradbury showed that it is better to live your life with purpose and know the truth about it rather than be happy in ignorance.The last way Ray Bradbury proved in that it is better to know the truth about your life than live in ignorance in Fahrenheit 451 is how after Montag got a purpose in his live it opened his eyes to a different world and showed him his old life was a lie. He actually started to be happy opposed to just thinking he was happy while living in ignorance. The first time you realize that Montag started off living in ignorance is after he is asked if he is happy he laughs and says Happy! Of all the nonsense, He stopped laughing. 10) This quote shows that Montag had thought he was happy but actually shows that he was just happy in ignorance. After Montag learns the truth about his life it opens his eyes to a new world of literature. Montag’s lack of knowledge about books is demonstrated when he is t alking to Faber on page 85 and says Are things like that in books? But it came off the top of my mind. This is significant because it shows that Montag is willing to learn about books and that some books may open him up to a world outside of the censorship he lives in.As the book goes on and Montag learns the truth about his life his opinions on things change drastically. This is shown when he is talking about leaving Mildred behind in the city and he says Even if she dies, I realized a moment age, I don’t think I will feel sad. It isn’t right. Something must be wrong with me. (155) This quote is significant because it shows that Montag it demonstrates that Montag is a changed man and he wouldn’t feel sad his wife died because he was not happy with his wife or his life prior to learning the truth.In Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury shows that it is more important to know the truth about something than it is to necessarily be happy about it. He demonstrates this by s howing that it is more important to live your life with purpose than it is to always be happy in your life. A moral to be learned from this is that it is better to tell people the truth, even if you think that telling the truth might hurt somebody’s feelings. It can be applied to real life in many situations when you have to decide to tell the truth or tell a lie. In the end whoever said The truth hurts wasn’t lying. We will write a custom essay sample on Truth vs Happiness in Fahrenheit 451 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Truth vs Happiness in Fahrenheit 451 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Truth vs Happiness in Fahrenheit 451 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Roth v. United States Supreme Court Decision

Roth v. United States Supreme Court Decision What is obscenity? This was the question put before the Supreme Court in the case of Roth v. United States in 1957. Its an important decision because if the government can ban something as obscene, then that material falls outside the protection of the First Amendment.   Those who wish to distribute such obscene material will have little  if any, recourse against censorship. Even worse, allegations of obscenity stem almost entirely from religious foundations. This essentially means that religious objections to a specific material can remove basic constitutional protections from that material. Fast Facts: Roth v. United States Case Argued: April 22, 1957Decision Issued:  June 24, 1957Petitioner: Samuel RothRespondent: United StatesKey Question: Did federal or California state obscenity statutes prohibiting the sale or transfer of obscene materials through the mail impinge on freedom of expression as guaranteed by the First Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Warren, Frankfurter, Burton, Clark, Brennan, and WhittakerDissenting: Justices Black, Douglas, and HarlanRuling: The court ruled that obscenity (as defined by whether an average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeal to prurient interest) was not constitutionally protected speech or press. What Lead to Roth v. United States? When it reached the Supreme Court, this was actually two combined cases: Roth v. United States and Alberts v. California. Samuel Roth (1893-1974) published and sold books, photographs, and magazines in New York, using circulars and advertising matter to solicit sales. He was convicted of mailing obscene circulars and advertising as well as an obscene book in violation of the federal obscenity statute: Every obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy book, pamphlet, picture, paper, letter, writing, print, or other publication of an indecent character... is declared to be nonmailable matter... Whoever knowingly deposits for mailing or delivery, anything declared by this section to be nonmailable, or knowingly takes the same from the mails for the purpose of circulating or disposing thereof, or of aiding in the circulation or disposition thereof, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. David Alberts ran a mail-order business from Los Angeles. He was convicted under a misdemeanor complaint which charged him with lewdly keeping for sale obscene and indecent books. This charge included writing, composing, and publishing an obscene advertisement of them, in violation of the California Penal Code: Every person who wilfully and lewdly... writes, composes, stereotypes, prints, publishes, sells, distributes, keeps for sale, or exhibits any obscene or indecent writing, paper, or book; or designs, copies, draws, engraves, paints, or otherwise prepares any obscene or indecent picture or print; or molds, cuts, casts, or otherwise makes any obscene or indecent figure... is guilty of a misdemeanor... In both cases, the constitutionality of a criminal obscenity statute was challenged. In Roth, the constitutional question was whether the federal obscenity statute violated the provision of the First Amendment that Congress shall make no law ...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ...In Alberts, the constitutional question was whether the obscenity provisions of the California Penal Code invaded the freedoms of speech and press incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Courts Decision Voting 5 to 4, the Supreme Court decided that obscene material has no protection under the First Amendment. The decision was based on the premise that freedom of expression does not provide absolute protection for every possible utterance of any sort: All ideas having even the slightest redeeming social importance - unorthodox ideas, controversial ideas, even ideas hateful to the prevailing climate of opinion - have the full protection of the guaranties, unless excludable because they encroach upon the limited area of more important interests. But implicit in the history of the First Amendment is the rejection of obscenity as utterly without redeeming social importance. But who decides what is and is not obscene, and how? Who gets to decide what does and does not have redeeming social importance? On what standard is that based on?   Justice Brennan, writing for the majority, suggested a standard for determining what would and would not be obscene: However, sex and obscenity are not synonymous. Obscene material is material which deals with sex in a manner appealing to prurient interest. The portrayal of sex, e. g., in art, literature and scientific works, is not itself sufficient reason to deny material the constitutional protection of freedom of speech and press. ...It is therefore vital that the standards for judging obscenity safeguard the protection of freedom of speech and press for material which does not treat sex in a manner appealing to prurient interest. So, there is no redeeming social importance to any appeal to prurient interests? Prurient is defined as excessive  interest in sexual matters.  This lack of social importance associated with sex is a traditionalist religious and Christian perspective. There are no legitimate secular arguments for such an absolute division.   The early leading standard of obscenity allowed material to be judged merely by the effect of an isolated excerpt upon particularly susceptible persons. Some American courts adopted this standard but later decisions have rejected it. These later courts substituted this test: whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeal to prurient interest. Since the lower courts in these cases applied the test of whether or not the material appealed to prurient interests, the judgments were affirmed. The Significance of the Decision This decision specifically rejected the test developed in the British case, Regina v. Hicklin. In that case, obscenity is judged by whether or not the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall. In contrast, Roth v. United States  based the judgment on community standards rather than the most susceptible. In a community of very conservative Christians, a person could be charged with obscenity for expressing ideas that would be regarded as trivial in another community. Thus, a person might legally sell explicit homosexual material in the city, but be charged with obscenity in a small town. Conservative Christians could argue that the material has no redeeming social value. At the same time, closeted gays could argue the opposite because it helps them imagine what life might be like without homophobic oppression. While these matters were decided over 50 years ago and times certainly have changed, this precedent could still affect current obscenity cases.

Bowman's Strategy Clock and Other Business Strategies Assignment

Bowman's Strategy Clock and Other Business Strategies - Assignment Example Bowman’s strategy clock is an extension of the three porter generic strategies. Owing to the decrease in the profit margin, pharmaceutical companies have adopted innovative marketing strategies in a bid to sustain and neutralize the impact of price regulation such as exploring new markets, establishing the effectiveness in distribution and building customer loyalty. Some of the challenges in the global pharmaceutical industry that the managers are facing include increased globalization, increase in competition, lack of new products despite the improved research and quick development of generic markets among others.The application of Bowman’s strategy clock in the establishment of competitive advantage among the global pharmaceutical companies will result in value improvement and product promotion with minimal reliance on drug pricing. This is because the industry is bound by legal and medical restrictions that make application of marketing strategies difficult. The stra tegy is normally focused on value, product promotion, and differentiation. Most pharmaceutical companies improve the value for their products while maintaining product standards or increasing prices for drugs. The industry ensures value for pharmaceutical products through conducting pharmaco-economic evaluations meant to show the efficacy and effectiveness of a new drug. For instance, a study on the cost of diabetes confirmed that fewer patients applied for pharmaceutical medicine in managing it (Holland, 2005: 552). This provided an opportunity for pharmaceutical companies to invest in disease management initiatives that created awareness among the population on the existence and effectiveness of their products.